An Alternative State Budget for Fiscal Year 2013: Moving towards Constitutionally-based State Budgets
Indonesia’s State budget (known as APBN) is still falling short of meeting mandates in the Constitution. APBNs formulated by government thus far have had at least six basic flaws:
1. APBNs have always been framed as deficit budgets, leaving doors open for inefficiencies and corrupt activities. Deficit budgeting makes APBNs beholden to outside players—foreign entities and multilateral institutions; it subjects APBNs to a barrage of interests not in line with the national interest; and it means that Indonesian fiscal sovereignty has not yet become a reality. Accordingly, our “Alternative APBN for 2013” has been designed as a balanced budget to avoid a situation where, in the long term, State fiscal space is constricted by burdens of debt servicing.
2. APBNs have thus far been treated purely as technical processes to allocate economic resources (budgeting processes) and not, in addition to that, as instruments to achieve the ideological aims of nationhood laid down in the Constitution.
3. Macro-economic assumptions underpinning APBNs have been narrowly based on economic growth, for example, and have failed to take account of social justice issues such as income inequality. Of course, government has used assumptions relating to poverty, but its calculations have been premised on flawed standards.
4. APBN appropriations have reflected neither the proper context of Indonesia’s development nor the array of issues involved. Most of our workforce is engaged in the agricultural and industrial sectors in micro or small to medium-sized enterprises; but APBN appropriations for these sectors are minimal.
5. Constitutional mandates are not all being properly implemented. For example, a minimum 5% of APBNs should be spent on health but thus far the sector has been receiving less than 2%.
6. Calculations of State revenue have been very low, be it from tax or non-tax sources, opening the door for the sort of corruption around State revenue that has been occurring up to now.
Against this background, our alternative APBN has been framed to ensure that fiscal instruments are genuinely designed to give substance to the Constitution and our national ideology; to serve the public interest; to allocate funding proportionately among sectors of the economy; and to prevent the incidence of corruption (especially of State taxation revenue, for example).
The alternative APBN retains economic growth as an important element of its macro-economic framework, but does not treat it as the be-all and end-all. As experience thus far indicates, the concept of economic growth can, in some applications, inflict suffering on parts of the community. It is inappropriate to place economic growth on a pedestal if it results in higher incidence of poverty, income inequality, unemployment and exploitation of natural resources.
Table: Assumptions of Alternative APBN v. Government Assumptions (2013)
No |
Item |
Alternative APBN |
Government |
1 |
Economic Growth (%) |
6.5 |
6.8-7.2 |
2 |
Income Inequality (“Gini ratio”) |
0.35 |
– |
3 |
Poverty (%)* |
20.5 |
9.5-10.5 |
4 |
Unemployment (%)* |
11.0 |
5.8-6.1 |
5 |
Informal Sector Workers (% of total work force) |
55 |
– |
6 |
Inflation (%) |
5.5 |
4.5-5.5 |
7 |
Exchange Rate (Rp/US$) |
9,250 |
8,700 – 9,300 |
8 |
Interest Rate on Treasury Bills (%, 3 months) |
5.5 |
4.5-5.5 |
9 |
Oil Price (US$/barrel) |
115 |
100 – 120 |
10 |
Oil Lifting (‘000 barrels/day) |
910 |
910-940 |
11 |
Gas Lifting (‘000 barrels/oil equivalent/day (MBOEPD)) |
1,290 |
1,290 |
12 |
Tax ratio (%) |
14 |
– |
Remarks: *Poverty and unemployment rates of the alternative APBN have been determined using different measures to those employed by government
The overall shape of our desired alternative APBN can be outlined thus:
1. The bulk of funds appropriated should not be used to serve bureaucratic interests. The fact is that thus far growth in civil service expenditure (on both staff and goods) has outstripped the rate of growth of the APBN itself. Thus, appropriations for civil service costs in the alternative APBN for 2013 are lower than in previous years. That would require various savings to be made such as: reductions in official travel; less money spent on office accoutrements and official vehicles; and lower allocations for staff welfare.
2. Interest on recapitalization bonds—a carry-over from management of the 1997/98 financial crisis—should not be borne by APBNs. In the government’s draft 2013 APBN those interest payments amount to around Rp 8.52 trillion (in 2011 the figure was Rp 13.19 trillion and in 2012 Rp 11.03 trillion). These interest payments should be removed from APBNs.
3. To reduce current fiscal burdens, amounts being repaid as principle and interests instalments on borrowings should be renegotiated. It is estimated that in 2013 those instalments will amount to Rp 260 trillion. Payment of such an amount, all at once, would be a serious burden on the APBN and thus should be renegotiated. One option would be to extend the repayment period, thereby reducing the level of instalments payable to around Rp 130 trillion. This seems a reasonable approach, given that in the first quarter of 2012 total incomings from loans amounted to US$ 212.55 billion compared to outgoings of US$ 213.2 in the form of loan repayments of principle, interest and costs—leaving a net deficit of around US$ 18.64 billion (around Rp 170 trillion). If no renegotiation takes place, the budget could be kept in balance (out of deficit) by lifting the tax ratio to 15%.
4. Subsidies are an appropriate fiscal policy instrument and thus should continue to be included in APBNs. Overall, fuel subsidies continue to be large, given fuel’s potential impact on other sectors and other commodities. That said, fuel subsidies are at a lower level in our alternative APBN; but that does not mean that price hikes for petrol or solar are proposed. Price hikes would be avoided by reducing petrol and solar quotas and replacing them with (cheaper) natural gas. This measure would require a faster rate of conversion to gas during 2013 (throughout the whole of Java, at the very least).
5. Government must be committed to implementing provisions of law. Thus levels of appropriations for education and health should correspond to what is prescribed in law. Thus far government has met legally mandated minimum levels of expenditure on education, but not so in the case of health. The alternative APBN steps into the breach by allocating 5% for health.
In light of the foregoing, the alternative Budget has been framed to provide higher levels of funding than in previous years—and vis-à-vis other sectors—for agriculture (in the broad sense), micro, small & medium-sized enterprises, workforce development and industry. We are optimistic that its range of programs would be able to create six million new jobs and reduce the number of poor by five million (leading to a drop of 2.3% in the unemployment rate in 2013).
Jakarta, 15 August, 2012
Civil Society Coalition for Welfare-Based APBNs (SEKNAS FITRA, INDEF, KAU, P3M, IHCS, TURC, YAPPIKA, KIARA, SNI, KERLIP, ASPPUK)
One Attachment
ATTACHMENT
Table: Estimated Growth by Sector, 2013 (%)
Sector |
Government * |
Alternative APBN |
Agriculture, Livestock |
3.7-4.1 |
4.5 |
Mining and Quarrying |
2.8-3.2 |
2.5 |
Processing Industries |
6.5-6.9 |
7.2 |
Electricity, Gas and Clean Water |
6.6-7.0 |
6.3 |
Construction |
7.5-7.9 |
7.1 |
Commerce, Hotels and Restaurants |
8.9-9.3 |
8.5 |
Transport and Communications |
12.1-12.5 |
11 |
Finance, Real Estate, dan Commercial Services |
6.1-6.5 |
6 |
Services |
6-6.4 |
6 |
Gross Domestic Product |
6.8-7.2 |
6.56 |
Source: *Ministry of Finance, 2012
Table: Overall Shape of Alternative APBN for 2013 (Rp trillion)
Component |
Revised 2012 APBN |
Alternative APBN for 2013 |
A. STATE INCOME AND GRANTS |
1,358.2 |
1,650 |
I. DOMESTIC REVENUE |
1,357.4 |
1,650 |
1. Tax Revenue |
1,016.2 |
1,200 |
2. Non-tax Revenue |
341,1 |
450 |
II. REVENUE FROM GRANTS |
0.8 |
– |
B. STATE EXPENDITURE |
1,548.3 |
1,650 |
I. CENTRAL GOVERNMENT SPENDING |
1,069.5 |
1,100 |
1. Civil Service Costs |
212.2 |
221.7 |
2. Expenditure on Goods |
186.5 |
172.9 |
3. Capital Expenditure |
168.6 |
200 |
4. Payment of Interest on Borrowings |
117.7 |
135 |
5. Subsidies |
245 |
250 |
6. Expenditure on Grants |
1.7 |
– |
7. Social Aid |
55.3 |
75 |
8. Other Expenditure |
68.5 |
46 |
9. Additional Funding |
13.4 |
– |
II. Transfers to Regions |
478.7 |
550 |
C. Surplus/(Deficit) |
(190.1) |
0 |
APBN yang disusun selama ini belum memenuhi amanat konstitusi. Sekurangnya terdapat enam persoalan pokok yang menjadi kelemahan APBN yang disusun pemerintah:
- APBN selalu didesain defisit sehingga memberi kesempatan adanya inefisiensi dan praktik koruptif. Di luar itu, APBN menjadi tergantung kepada pihak lain (luar negeri dan lembaga multilateral) dan dijejali dengan aneka kepentingan yang kontras dengan kepentingan nasional, sehingga kedaulatan fiskal tidak pernah berhasil diwujudkan. Oleh karena itu, desain APBN Alternatif ini dibuat berimbang sehingga dalam jangka panjang tidak membebani ruang fiskal untuk pembayaran utang.
- Desain APBN hanya dipahami sebagai proses teknokratis untuk mengalokasikan sumber daya ekonomi (anggaran), tapi APBN tidak dimengerti juga sebagai instrumen ideologis untuk mendekatkan tujuan bernegara sebagai amanat konstitusi.
- Asumsi ekonomi makro yang disusun hanya mendasarkan kepada tujuan sempit, misalnya pertumbuhan ekonomi, tapi mengabaikan semangat keadilan sosial, seperti aspek ketimpangan pendapatan. Pemerintah memang telah memasukan asumsi kemiskinan dan pengangguran, tapi dengan penghitungan dilakukan dengan memakai standar yang sangat rendah.
- Besaran alokasi anggaran tidak mencerminkan permasalahan dan kontekstualisasi dasar pembangunan nasional. Sebagian besar tenaga kerja berada di sektor pertanian dan industri, serta pelakunya adalah usaha mikro dan kecil/menengah; tapi alokasi anggaran ke sektor tersebut sangat kecil.
- Amanah UU tidak semuanya dijalankan dengan baik. Misalnya, alokasi anggaran kesehatan diharuskan minimal 5% dari APBN, namun selama ini mendapatkan porsi kurang dari 2%.
- Penerimaan negara dihitung sangat rendah, baik yang bersumber dari pajak maupun PNBP (penerimaan negara bukan pajak), sehingga membuka peluang terjadinya korupsi penerimaan negara, seperti yang terus berulang selama ini.
Dengan dasar itulah, APBN Alternatif disusun demi memastikan bahwa instrumen fiskal betul-betul didesain untuk menafkahi ideologi dan konstitusi, menyantuni kepentingan publik, mengalokasikan anggaran secara proporsional terhadap sektor-sektor yang ada, dan pencegahan terhadap terjadinya praktik korupsi (khususnya terhadap penerimaan negara, misalnya dari pajak).
Dalam penyusunan kerangka ekonomi makro, APBN Alternatif tetap menganggap pertumbuhan ekonomi penting, tapi bukanlah segala-segalanya. Ideologi pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam banyak sisi justru menyengsarakan sebagian besar masyarakat, seperti yang terjadi selama ini. Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi tidak perlu dirayakan jika hanya menyebabkan munculnya kemiskinan, ketimpangan pendapatan, pengangguran, dan eksploitasi sumber daya alam.
Tabel Asumsi APBN Alternatif dan Versi Pemerintah (2013)
No |
Uraian |
APBN Alternatif |
Pemerintah |
1 |
Pertumbuhan ekonomi (%) | 6,5 | 6,8-7,2 |
2 |
Ketimpangan pendapatan (Gini Rasio) | 0,35 | – |
3 |
Kemiskinan (%)* | 20,5 | 9,5-10,5 |
4 |
Pengangguran (%)* | 11,0 | 5,8-6,1 |
5 |
Pekerja sektor informal (% total TK) | 55 | – |
6 |
Inflasi (%) | 5,5 | 4,5-5,5 |
7 |
Nilai tukar (Rp/US$) | 9.250 | 8.700 – 9.300 |
8 |
Suku bunga SPN (%, 3 bulan) | 5,5 | 4,5-5,5 |
9 |
Harga minyak (US$) | 115 | 100 – 120 |
10 |
Lifting minyak (ribu barrel per hari) | 910 | 910-940 |
11 |
Lifting gas (mboepd) | 1290 | 1290 |
12 |
Tax ratio (%) | 14 | – |
Catatan: *penentuan angka kemiskinan dan pengangguran menggunakan dasar ukuran yang berbeda antara pemerintah dan versi APBN Alternatif
Postur APBN Alternatif yang hendak dibangun dapat dijabarkan sebagai berikut:
- Sebagian besar alokasi APBN tidak boleh dipakai untuk kepentingan birokrasi. Fakta yang ada selama ini, pertumbuhan belanja birokrasi (pegawai dan barang) melebihi pertumbuhan APBN itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu, dalam APBN Alternatif 2013 ini belanja birokrasi, khususnya belanja barang dikurangi porsinya (dibandingkan tahun-tahun sebelumnya). Aneka penghematan harus dilakukan, seperti pengurangan perjalanan dinas, pembelian alat kantor, mobil dinas, dan biaya pemeliharaan.
- Bunga obligasi rekap tidak sepatutnya dibebankan kepada APBN. Pada RAPBN 2013 dianggarkan bunga obligasi rekap sekitar Rp 8,52 triliun sebagai implikasi dari kebijakan penanganan krisis ekonomi 1997/1998 (pada APBN 2011 sebesar Rp 13,19 triliun dan APBN-P 2012 sebesar Rp 11,03 triliun). Oleh karena itu, bunga obligasi rekap harus dikeluarkan dari APBN 2013.
- Beban pembayaran cicilan pokok dan bunga utang perlu direnegosiasikan agar beban fiskal tidak terlalu berat. Pada 2013 ini diperkirakan cicilan pokok dan bunga utang mencapai Rp 260 triliun. Jika ini dibayar sekaligus maka beban APBN menjadi berat sehingga perlu dilakukan renegosiasi untuk meringankan beban tersebut. Opsi yang bisa diambil, salah satunya, adalah memperpanjang waktu pembayaran dan diusahakan pada 2013 pembayaran utang itu sekitar Rp 130 triliun. Pilihan ini cukup masuk akal karena dari akumulasi utang luar negeri sampai triwulan 2012 yang ditarik mencapai US$ 212,55 miliar, sementara pembayaran cicilan pokok, bunga, dan biaya utang sebesar US$ 231,20 miliar dan miliar, sehingga terdapat selisih transfer negatif sebesar US$ 18,64 miliar (sekitar Rp 170 triliun). Jika langkah renegosiasi tidak diambil pemerintah, maka kompensasinya adalah menaikkan tax ratio menjadi 15% sehingga anggaran tetap berimbang (tidak defisit).
- Subsidi merupakan instrumen yang sah dari politik fiskal. Dengan dengan politik subsidi tetap harus diberikan dalam alokasi APBN. Secara umum, subsidi energi masih mendapatkan porsi yang besar karena didasari oleh pertimbangan efek tular kepada sektor atau komoditas lain. Dalam APBN Alternatif ini subsidi energi memang dikurangi tapi tanpa berimplikasi terhadap kenaikan harga bensin/solar. Caranya, kuota bensin dan solar bersubsidi dikurangi dan digantikan dengan penggunaan gas yang harganya lebih murah. Tentu saja program konversi ke gas harus dipercepat pada 2013, sekurangnya meliputi wilayah Jawa.
- Pemerintah harus memiliki komitmen menjalankan UU, sehingga alokasi anggaran pendidikan dan kesehatan besarannya menyesuaikan dengan amanah UU tersebut. Selama ini pemerintah hanya menjalankan amanah UU Pendidikan, tapi UU Kesehatan yang mengamanahkan minimal 5% belum diwujudkan. Dalam APBN Alternatif ini porsi anggaran kesehatan sudah mencapai 5%.
Dengan pertimbangan itu, maka dalam penyusunan alokasi anggaran APBN Alternatif ini sektor pertanian (dalam pengertian luas), dan UMKM, ketenagakerjaan, dan perindustrian mendapatkan alokasi anggaran yang lebih besar dibandingkan tahun-tahun sebelumnya atau ketimbang sektor lainnya. Dengan seluruh program-program tersebut, kami optimistis bisa menciptakan sekitar 6 juta lapangan kerja baru dan mengurangi sekitar 5 juta orang miskin (sehingga pengangguran bisa berkurang sebesar 2,3% selama setahun,
Jakarta, 15 Agustus 2012
Koalisi Masyarakat Sipil untuk APBN Kesejahteraan
(SEKNAS FITRA, INDEF, KAU, P3M, IHCS, TURC, YAPPIKA, KIARA, SNI, KERLIP, ASPPUK)
Lampiran
Tabel . Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Sektoral 2013 (%)
Lapangan Usaha |
Pemerintah* |
APBN Alternatif |
Pertanian, Peternakan |
3,7-4,1 |
4,5 |
Pertambangan dan Penggalian |
2,8-3,2 |
2,5 |
Industri Pengolahan |
6,5-6,9 |
7,2 |
Listrik, Gas dan Air Bersih |
6,6-7,0 |
6,3 |
Konstruksi |
7,5-7,9 |
7,1 |
Perdagangan, Hotel, dan Restoran |
8,9-9,3 |
8,5 |
Pengangkutan dan Komunikasi |
12,1-12,5 |
11,0 |
Keuangan, Real Estate, dan Jasa Perusahaan |
6,1-6,5 |
6,0 |
Jasa-jasa |
6,0-6,4 |
6,0 |
Produk Domestik Bruto |
6,8-7,2 |
6,56 |
Sumber: *Kementerian Keuangan, 2012
Tabel Postur APBN Alternatif 2013 (dalam Rp triliun)
KETERANGAN |
APBNP 2012 |
APBN ALTERNATIF 2013 |
A. PENDAPATAN NEGARA DAN HIBAH |
1,358.2 |
1,650 |
I. PENERIMAAN DALAM NEGERI |
1,357.4 |
1,650 |
1. Penerimaan Perpajakan |
1,016.2 |
1,200 |
2. Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak |
341,1 |
450 |
II. PENERIMAAN HIBAH |
0.8 |
– |
B. BELANJA NEGARA |
1,548.3 |
1,650 |
I. BELANJA PEMERINTAH PUSAT |
1,069.5 |
1,100 |
1. Belanja Pegawai |
212.2 |
221.7 |
2. Belanja Barang |
186.5 |
172.9 |
3. Belanja Modal |
168.6 |
200 |
4. Pembayaran Bunga Utang |
117.7 |
135 |
5. Subsidi |
245 |
250 |
6. Belanja Hibah |
1.7 |
– |
7. Bantuan Sosial |
55.3 |
75 |
8. Belanja Lain-lain |
68.5 |
46 |
9. Tambahan Anggaran |
13.4 |
– |
II. Transfer ke Daerah |
478.7 |
550 |
C. Surplus/(Defisit) |
(190.1) |
0 |